Food, energy, and nutrient supply in Mexican households from 1984 to 2018 / Disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en hogares mexicanos de 1984 a 2018

Introduction: information about changes in food and energy supply, macronutrient and micronutrient availability by processing level is required to understand the nutritional transition in Mexican society. Objective: to describe the food, energy, and nutrient supply in Mexican households from 1984 to 2018. Methods: five waves of a Mexican cross-sectional survey were analyzed to identify changes in food, energy, and nutrient supplies in households. Food groups were created using the NOVA classification. The content of energy and nutrients was estimated using Mexican and U.S. databases. The education and income interaction with energy and nutritional supply was analyzed. Results: in this period, the supply of fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, processed meat and dairy, fish and seafood, prepared food, and ultra-processed food and drinks increased, whereas unprocessed or minimally processed (UMP) cereals and tubers, legumes, meat, dairy, eggs, and all processed culinary ingredients decreased. These changes have implied a higher supply of protein, total fat, cholesterol, vitamins A and C, calcium and sodium. Total energy, energy density, carbohydrates, and magnesium and potassium density decreased. Across waves, UMP and processed cereals were the main supply for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, iron and potassium. Dairy was the main supply of saturated fat. UMP and processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 1984, whereas ultra-processed cereals were the main source of sodium in 2018. Conclusions: although UMP foods remain the main group in most Mexican households, their supply has decreased over the years, whereas the supply of ultra-processed foods has increased (AU)

Introducción: se requiere información sobre los cambios de la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes, por nivel de procesamiento, para entender la transición nutricional en México. Objetivo: describir la disponibilidad de alimentos, energía y nutrientes en los hogares mexicanos de 1984 a 2018. Métodos: se crearon grupos usando la clasificación NOVA. El contenido de energía y nutrientes se estimó usando bases de datos mexicanas y estadounidenses. Se analizó la interacción de la educación y el ingreso con la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes. Resultados: en este periodo aumentó la disponibilidad de verduras naturales y procesadas, carnes y lácteos procesados, pescados y mariscos, comida preparada y comida y bebida ultraprocesada, mientras que los cereales sin procesar o mínimamente procesados (SPMP), las leguminosas, las carnes, los lácteos, los huevos y los ingredientes culinarios procesados disminuyeron. Estos cambios implican una mayor disponibilidad de proteína, grasa total, colesterol, vitamina A y C, calcio y sodio. La energía total, la densidad energética, los carbohidratos y la densidad de magnesio y potasio disminuyeron. A lo largo el tiempo, los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de energía, carbohidratos, fibra, hierro y potasio. Los lácteos fueron la principal fuente de grasas saturadas. Los cereales SPMP y procesados fueron la principal fuente de sodio en 1984, mientras que los cereales ultraprocesados lo fueron en el 2018. Conclusiones: aunque los alimentos SPMP siguen siendo el grupo más disponible en los hogares, su disponibilidad ha disminuido a lo largo de los años, mientras que la de los ultraprocesados ha aumentado (AU)

Intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat as predictors of cardiometabolic risk in a sample of Mexican children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Few studies in Latin American paediatric populations have differentiated fat deposits in specific areas, such as intra-abdominal fat (IAF) and subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF). Research in diverse populations is needed, as patterns of fat accumulation vary by ethnicity. The aim of this study was to determine whether IAF and/or SAF are related to cardiometabolic risk factors, independent of total body fat (TBF), in a group of Mexican schoolchildren. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mexico City with 94 children aged between 5 and 11 years. IAF and SAF were assessed by magnetic resonance using two different estimation methods: (a) at the midpoint of lumbar vertebras 4 and 5 (L4-L5) and (b) the sum of the areas of four slices (L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-L5, which will be referred to as 'total' IAF and SAF). TBF was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The following cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed: total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood pressure, insulin resistance, number of risk factors and metabolic syndrome score. RESULTS: After adjusting for sex, age and TBF, total SAF was related to the number of cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome score. Although IAF at L4-L5 was also related to the number of cardiometabolic risk factors, there was evidence of collinearity with TBF. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of Mexican schoolchildren, TBF and SAF, but not IAF, were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk.

Semi-empirical chemical model for indirect advanced oxidation of Acid Orange 7 using an unmodified carbon fabric cathode for H2O2 production in an electrochemical reactor.

A commercial Unidirectional Carbon Fabric piece was used to design an electrode for the cathodic O2 reduction reaction in a divided (by a Nafion(®) 117 membrane) parallel plate reactor. The anode was a commercial stainless steel mesh. Under this approach it is feasible to produce H2O2 at low energy (2.08 kWh kg(-1) H2O2) in low ionic acidic medium. In the catholyte side the H2O2 can be activated with Fe(2+) to develop the Fenton reagent. It was found that Acid Orange 7 (AO7) indirect oxidation (in the concentration range of 0.12-0.24 mM) by Fenton chemistry follows a first order kinetic equation. The energy required for 0.24 mM AO7 degradation is 1.04 kWhm(-3). From each experimental AO7 oxidation the main parameters (a, mM and k, min(-1)) of the first order kinetic equation are obtained. These parameters can be correlated with AO7 concentration in the concentration range studied. Based on this method a semi-empirical chemical model was developed to predict the AO7 abatement, by means of Fenton chemistry. Good AO7 oxidation predictions can be made in the concentration range studied. A detailed discussion of the energy required for oxidizing AO7 and the accuracy of the chemical model to predict its oxidation is included in this paper.

Estado nutricio en pacientes de primer ingreso a hospitalización del Servicio de Hematología del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Nutritional status in patients first hospital admissions Service Hematology National Cancer Institute

OBJECTIVES: To determine the nutritional status of patients admitted to hospital for the first time the hematology service and who have not received treatment for cancer, to know if the nutritional status assessed by the EGS-GP and serum albumin related mortality of patients METHODS: A longitudinal, prospective, analytical. EGS-Through GP assessed the nutritional status of patients, we used SPSS 19.0 for data analysis. RESULTS: Evaluaron 119 patients, 52.1% female and 47.9% male. The most common diagnosis was non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 43.7%. According to the EGS-GP 50.4% of patients had some degree of malnutrition or was at risk of suffering of which: 31.1% had moderate and 19.3% had severe malnutrition. The 49.6% of patients had an adequate nutritional status. 30.3% of the patients who died, 37% had severe malnutrition and 50% severe decrease in albumin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malnutrition in hematological patients treated at the National Cancer Institute of Mexico that have not received medical treatment was high. There is an association between nutritional status and mortality in this patient group. (AU)

Objetivos: Determinar el estado de nutrición de los pacientes que ingresan por primera vez a hospitalización del servicio de hematología y que no han recibido tratamiento oncológico, conocer si el estado de nutrición evaluado por medio de la EGS-GP y por concentración sérica de Albúmina se relaciona con la mortalidad de los pacientes. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico. Por medio de EGS-GP se evaluó el estado nutricional de los pacientes, Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS 19.0 para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 119 pacientes, 52,1% mujeres y 47,9% hombres. El diagnóstico más común fue Linfoma no Hodgkin en el 43,7%. De acuerdo a la EGSGP el 50,4% de los pacientes presentaba algún grado de desnutrición o estaba en riesgo de padecerla de los cuales: el 31,1% tenía desnutrición moderada y el 19,3% presentaba desnutrición severa. El 49,6% de los pacientes presentaba un adecuado estado nutricio. Del 30,3% de los pacientes que fallecieron el 37% tenía desnutrición severa y el 50% disminución severa de la concentración de albúmina. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de desnutrición en los pacientes hematológicos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México que aún no reciben tratamiento médico fue elevada. Existe una asociación entre el Estado Nutricio y la mortalidad de éste grupo de pacientes (AU)

[Nutritional status in patients first hospital admissions service hematology National Cancer Institute]. / Estado nutricio en pacientes de primer ingreso a hospitalización del Servicio de Hematología del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the nutritional status of patients admitted to hospital for the first time the hematology service and who have not received treatment for cancer, to know if the nutritional status assessed by the EGS-GP and serum albumin related mortality of patients METHODS: A longitudinal, prospective, analytical. EGS-Through GP assessed the nutritional status of patients, we used SPSS 19.0 for data analysis. RESULTS: Evaluaron 119 patients, 52.1% female and 47.9% male. The most common diagnosis was non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 43.7%. According to the EGS-GP 50.4% of patients had some degree of malnutrition or was at risk of suffering of which: 31.1% had moderate and 19.3% had severe malnutrition. The 49.6% of patients had an adequate nutritional status. 30.3% of the patients who died, 37% had severe malnutrition and 50% severe decrease in albumin concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malnutrition in hematological patients treated at the National Cancer Institute of Mexico that have not received medical treatment was high. There is an association between nutritional status and mortality in this patient group.

Objetivos: Determinar el estado de nutrición de los pacientes que ingresan por primera vez a hospitalización del servicio de hematología y que no han recibido tratamiento oncológico, conocer si el estado de nutrición evaluado por medio de la EGS-GP y por concentración sérica de Albúmina se relaciona con la mortalidad de los pacientes. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico. Por medio de EGS-GP se evaluó el estado nutricional de los pacientes, Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS 19.0 para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 119 pacientes, 52,1% mujeres y 47,9% hombres. El diagnóstico más común fue Linfoma no Hodgkin en el 43,7%. De acuerdo a la EGSGP el 50,4% de los pacientes presentaba algún grado de desnutrición o estaba en riesgo de padecerla de los cuales: el 31,1% tenía desnutrición moderada y el 19,3% presentaba desnutrición severa. El 49,6% de los pacientes presentaba un adecuado estado nutricio. Del 30,3% de los pacientes que fallecieron el 37% tenía desnutrición severa y el 50% disminución severa de la concentración de albúmina. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de desnutrición en los pacientes hematológicos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de México que aún no reciben tratamiento médico fue elevada. Existe una asociación entre el Estado Nutricio y la mortalidad de éste grupo de pacientes.

[Impact of consumption of corn flour with low level enrichment in children of rural zones]. / Impacto del consumo de harina de maíz con un bajo nivel de enriquecimiento en niños de zonas rurales.

INTRODUCTION: Corn has been from the prehispanic era, the most important feeding plant in the Mexican population, particularly in the most important sectors and in marginal areas. In this setting, enriching the product as flour implies an increase in its nutritional quality, especially because corn is the basic food. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the consumption of corn flour enriched with 3% soybean, vitamins, and minerals on the growth and development of infants and preschool children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: experimental study lasting 10 months. The experimental group (n=195) received enriched corn flour whereas the control group (n=200) received non-enriched flour. The indicators were: nutritional status, mental and psychomotor development, and blood hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: in the total sample, there were no differences between the experimental group and the control group. However, there were improvements in the weight-to-height and weight-to-age indexes in the children consuming enriched flour and in children older than one year, who were the babies of indigenous women living in marginal areas. CONCLUSIONS: enriched corn flour appears to be an alternative benefitting the children population with higher nutritional deficiencies. However, a longer intervention is necessary to obtain better results.

Impacto del consumo de harina de maíz con un bajo nivel de enriquecimiento en niños de zonas rurales / Impact of consumption of corn flour with low level enrichment in children of rural zones

Introducción: El maíz ha representado desde la época prehispánica, la planta más importante como alimento de la población mexicana, particularmente en los sectores mayoritarios y zonas marginales. En este contexto el enriquecimiento del producto como harina, implica el aumento de la calidad nutritiva del mismo, especialmente porque el maíz es un alimento básico. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del consumo de una harina de maíz enriquecida con un 3% de soja, vitaminas y minerales, sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños lactantes y preescolares. Material y métodos: Estudio experimental con una duración de 10 meses. El grupo experimental (n = 195) recibió harina de maíz enriquecida; mientras que el grupo control (n = 200) recibió harina sin enriquecimiento. Los indicadores fueron: estado nutricional, desarrollo mental y psicomotriz y los niveles de hemoglobina sanguínea. Resultados: En la población total no se observaron diferencias entre el grupo experimental y el control. Sin embargo, existieron mejorías en los índices de peso para talla y peso para edad en los grupos de niños que consumieron la harina enriquecida y en el caso de los niños mayores de un año; siendo hijos de mujeres indígenas que residían en localidades marginadas. Conclusiones: La harina de maíz enriquecida muestra ser una alternativa que beneficia a la población infantil con más deficiencias nutricionales. Sin embargo, se requiere de una intervención más prolongada de tiempo, para tener mejores resultados (AU)

Introduction: Corn has been from the prehispanic era, the most important feeding plant in the Mexican population, particularly in the most important sectors and in marginal areas. In this setting, enriching the product as flour implies an increase in its nutritional quality, especially because corn is the basic food. Objective: To assess the effect of the consumption of corn flour enriched with 3% soybean, vitamins, and minerals on the growth and development of infants and preschool children. Material and methods: experimental study lasting 10 months. The experimental group (n = 195) received enriched corn flour whereas the control group (n = 200) received non-enriched flour. The indicators were: nutritional status, mental and psychomotor development, and blood hemoglobin levels. Results: in the total sample, there were no differences between the experimental group and the control group. However, there were improvements in the weight-toheight and weight-to-age indexes in the children consuming enriched flour and in children older than one year, who were the babies of indigenous women living in marginal areas. Conclusions: enriched corn flour appears to be an alternative benefitting the children population with higher nutritional deficiencies. However, a longer intervention is necessary to obtain better results (AU)

En escolares de México la presión arterial se relacionó con la masa corporal, pero no con el crecimiento pre- y post-natal / Blood pressure was associated with body mass but no with pre- and postnatal growth in Mexican school-children

OBJECTIVES: 1) To know the prevalence of malnourishment and high values of arterial blood pressure in schoolchildren of Xochimilco county, Mexico. 2) To analyze the association of pre- and postnatal growth and the body mass with high values of blood pressure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: It is a cross-sectional, observational and analytic study. During the elective year 2003-2004, 972 students of Xochimilco county was studied. The independent variables was age, sex, intrauterine and infant growth, body mass, body fat and socioeconomic status. It was assessed the relationship between the independent variables and the values of blood pressure by a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The indicators of intrauterine (birth weight and length) and infantile (head circumference and height-for-age index) growth were not associated with the high levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. After adjusted other variables, women had more risk to show high levels of systolic blood pressure, as the overweight children had more risk to show high blood pressure systolic and diastolic levels. CONCLUSIONS: In the students the overweight and obesity increase the probability to show high blood pressure values therefore it is necessary to implement programs to promote an adequate nutritional status. In this study was not observed empiric support to the Barker hypothesis according to the intrauterine and infantile growth could have negative effects in the blood pressure levels.